| 閱讀測驗「一網打盡法」 實例講解
It is easy for us to tell our friends from our enemies. But can other animals do the same? Elephants can! They can use their sense of vision and smell to tell the difference between people who pose a threat and those who do not. （第3題的答案）
In Kenya, researchers found that elephants react differently to clothing worn by men of the Maasai and Kamba ethnic groups. Young Maasai men spear animals and thus pose a threat to elephants; Kamba men are mainly farmers and are not a danger to elephants. （第1題的答案）
In an experiment conducted by animal scientists, elephants were first presented with clean clothing or clothing that had been worn for five days by either a Maasai or a Kamba man. When the elephants detected the smell of clothing worn by a Maasai man, they moved away from the smell faster and took longer to relax than when they detected the smells of either clothing worn by Kamba men or clothing that had not been worn at all. （第2題的答案）
Garment color also plays a role, though in a different way. In the same study, when the elephants saw red clothing not worn before, they reacted angrily, as red is typically worn by Maasai men. Rather than running away as they did with the smell, the elephants acted aggressively toward the red clothing.
The researchers believe that the elephants' emotional reactions are due to their different interpretations of the smells and the sights. Smelling a potential danger means that a threat is nearby and the best thing to do is run away and hide. Seeing a potential threat without its smell means that risk is low. Therefore, instead of showing fear and running away, the elephants express their anger and become aggressive. （100 大學學測）
1. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true about Kamba and Maasai people?
（A）Maasai people are a threat to elephants.
（B）Kamba people raise elephants for farming.
（C）Both Kamba and Maasai people are elephant hunters.
（D）Both Kamba and Maasai people traditionally wear red clothing.
2. How did the elephants react to smell in the study?
（A）They attacked a man with the smell of new clothing.
（B）They needed time to relax when smelling something unfamiliar.
（C）They became anxious when they smelled Kamba-scented clothing.
（D）They were frightened and ran away when they smelled their enemies.
3. What is the main idea of this passage?
（A）Elephants use sight and smell to detect danger.
（B）Elephants attack people who wear red clothing.
（C）Scientists are now able to control elephants' emotions.
（D）Some Kenyan tribes understand elephants' emotions very well.
4. What can be inferred about the elephant's behavior from this passage?
（A）Elephants learn from their experiences.
（B）Elephants have sharper sense of smell than sight.
（C）Elephants are more intelligent than other animals.
（D）Elephants tend to attack rather than escape when in danger.
解題步驟：
1. 先把1—4題的題目與選項劃關鍵字 （為了節省空間，直接在題目上畫出關鍵字）
2. 先解決第3題 "～main idea～?" — 主旨題 — 因為主旨題通常從第1段的topic sentence （主題句，通常為第一句，長段落時前三句，必定有主題句） 與conclusion （結尾句，通常為最後一句，長段落時後三句，必定有結尾句）可得知。
搜尋第1段的最後一句，可得關鍵字vision → smell → threat （以視覺和嗅覺察覺出威脅），與選項 （A）"Elephants use sight and smell to detect danger." （大象以視覺和嗅覺偵測出危險） 相符合，故答案是（A）
3. 第1題與第2題有明確的對象，非推測題，在文章中一定可找到。
在掃瞄的過程中，注意每一段的頭、尾。
4. 在搜尋第2段時的最後一句，可得關鍵字：Maasai, spear animals, threat to elephants → Kamba, farmers, not danger to elephants. （馬賽人獵殺動物，對大象構成威脅，但坎巴人大多是農夫，不會對大象構成威脅）。
搜尋到這些關鍵字可做第1題 "～true about Kamba and Maasai people?" （對於坎巴人與馬賽人的敘述何者正確），選項（A） "Maasai people are a threat to elephants." （馬賽人對大象構成威脅）與文章中的關鍵字相符合，故答案為（A）。
5. 在搜尋第3段時的頭、尾可得關鍵字：experiment → scientists → elephants, presented, clothing, Maasai or Kamba → elephants → detected smell → clothing, Maasai → move away from the smell faster）
（科學家在實驗中，使大象熟悉馬賽人或坎巴人衣服的氣味，只要大象嗅出馬賽人衣服的氣味，就會迅速遠離此氣味）。搜尋到這些關鍵字可做第2題 "How ～ elephants react to smell～?" （大象如何對味道做出反應），選項（D） "They were frightened and ran away when they smelled their enemies." （大象聞到敵人的味道會害怕的逃走）與文章中的關鍵字相符合，故答案選（D）。
6. 第4題為"What can be inferred ～?"的推測題，可從其他題答案的總和推測出（A） "Elephants learn from their experiences."。
前三題答案的總和：
Maasai people are a threat to elephants.
They were frightened and ran away when they smelled their enemies.
Elephants use sight and smell to detect danger.
（大象可由視覺與嗅覺察覺出危險，因此牠們聞到馬賽人的氣味，會害怕、逃跑、遠離此氣味）。從前三題的答案總和可得知「大象根據視覺與嗅覺的經驗，遠離危險」，因此可推測出「大象從經驗中學習」。
7. 此篇文章剩下的第3段與第4段還未掃瞄，但答案已經全都找到了，因此不須繼續閱讀，符合我所講的閱讀測驗的文章內容並非字字珠璣，不須字字細讀，只要按照題目中的關鍵字找到正確答案即可。
8. 此篇的答案很明顯集中在前三段的頭、尾。
Ans: 1. （A） 2. （D） 3. （A） 4. （A）
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